HISTORY

Guy Town

Guy Town

Shanties

At the turn of the century, the neighborhood where Austin City Hall currently resides was one of Austin's most notorious neighborhoods, known as "Guy Town," a center for prostitution, gambling and saloons. The rich history of this red light district was explored during the comprehensive archeological studies conducted in the area before construction of the new City Hall building. The studies focused on the downtown area between Guadalupe and Colorado Streets and W. First and Fifth Streets.

Between 1853 and 1876, this area of downtown was a quiet residential neighborhood. In 1876, the International and Great Northern Railroad came to Austin and the tracks ran through downtown on Cypress Street (now known as Third Street), bringing commerce, noise, smoke and traffic to the residential neighborhood. The bustling neighborhood soon attracted gambling, dancing, saloons and brothels and the residents began to move out of the area to quieter locations.

The local authorities, in effect, condoned the activity, for it did not enforce the laws against prostitution, dance halls and drinking establishments, and were often patrons of the establishments themselves. The neighborhood was quickly dubbed “Guy Town” for the guys from the surrounding ranches and farms who frequented the area.

An article in the Jan. 14, 1887 Daily Democratic Statesman reported that there were over 20 poker rooms and it was common knowledge that business in Guy Town flourished when the legislature was in session. Saloons in Guy Town became notoriously rowdy places with frequent shootings, stabbings, loud parties, brawls and several murders.

The City Council attempted to regulate prostitution rather than suppress it, and unsuccessfully proposed motions to declare Guy Town a legal vice district.

By 1890, the lack of enforcement by officials went beyond turning a blind eye or occasionally patronizing the businesses, in fact, many of the civic leaders owned property in the district that had saloons and bordellos in operation. The area was also developing a reputation as a great place to make easy money from visitors flush with money. Land owners began to rent out tiny rooms in dense tenement homes to the hundreds of prostitutes and transient residents living in Guy Town because it became so lucrative for them.

Despite the negative reputation, Guy Town was very unique because the residents and businesses were remarkably integrated in an era of increasing segregation. Businesses in the neighborhood included an ice factory, a church, restaurants, barber shops, a blacksmith, grocers and the lumber company. The business owners were white, African-American, Hispanic, Asian and Jewish, some of which were recent immigrants, former slaves or former slave owners.

When the opposition to Guy Town had become stronger, the City Council passed an ordinance in 1900 to curb prostitution. In 1903, the sheriff closed down all of the gambling houses in Austin, and saloons were forced to remain closed on Sundays. Many civic officials continued to support Guy Town, and it was agreed that it would be unrealistic to enforce total prohibition and best to keep it contained in one area.

As prohibition gained momentum across the nation, clean-up efforts and morality campaigns started to transform Austin’s rough-and-tumble frontier town image. By 1913, community opposition against Guy Town was strong enough to demand strong action, and Mayor Wooldridge resolved to eradicate Guy Town. With the unanimous support of the City Council, Guy Town was officially closed on October 1, 1913 when the police were ordered to lock out the saloons and shut down the houses of prostitution. Most of the residents and working women quickly left the neighborhood, and the ethnic make-up changed dramatically as Hispanic residents started to build a new community in the vacated areas.

Most of the residential shanties were demolished by the 1920s and the Guy Town neighborhood began its transformation into an industrial neighborhood after the Calcasieu Lumber Company and Lone Star Ice Company expanded and the Segovia Tortilla Factory opened at Second and Guadalupe Streets.

Residential properties continued to be demolished over time as more warehouses and commercial buildings were built, and by 1940, almost all of the homes and families were gone.

Schneider Store

Schneider store

Archway in the Schneider vault

The Schneider family was one of Austin’s prominent families in the Guy Town study area. The last remaining structure from that era in the City Hall area is the J.P. Schneider & Bros. mercantile building on the southwest corner of Guadalupe and Second Streets.

German immigrants Jeanne Schneider and his wife Margarita moved from New Braunfels to Austin in 1852 to open Austin’s first beer brewery. Unfortunately, Jeanne died in a carriage accident before he could open it.

Their eldest son Jacob lived with his mother in the Schneider residence at 402 W. Second St. and worked odd jobs for the Confederate army and later went to work at the Bruegerhoff grocery store. Jacob was paid in merchandise, and when he turned 21 in 1873, he and his mother opened their own general merchandise and feed store with his earned merchandise and small savings. The store was built on the northwest corner of Guadalupe and Second Streets over the limestone fermenting basement Jeanne had constructed for his brewery before his untimely death. The basement was used for cold storage of perishables like meats and cheeses, and possibly for storing and fermenting beer for the saloon that younger brothers Albert and Adolph operated on the northwest corner of Second and Lavaca Streets. This historic vault is still in existence and is being preserved under a cement encasing.

The enterprising Schneiders eventually expanded, and owned and operated two stores on the southwest and northwest corners of Live Oak (now known as Second Street) and Guadalupe Streets.

In 1893, Margarita and sons replaced both stores with a two-story brick building designed by Jacob and built by his brother, John. This building still stands today and is on the National Register of Historic Places.

The Schneiders were successful entrepreneurs and their mercantile store provided a range of goods, such as flour, vegetables, furs, fabrics, farm implements, clothing, coffins and tombstones. In the basement, they sold meats, cheeses and whiskey. The outside wagon yard could accommodate up to 100 wagons where travelers could trade goods with the store and stay overnight. During the height of the Guy Town days, the Schneiders also rented out some small outbuildings that had been converted into residential dwellings.

The Schneider family successfully operated out of the brick store for approximately 50 years. They grew wealthy and acquired property all over Austin, often as payment for outstanding debts owed the business. Margarita lived in the Schneider residence until her death (unknown date), and Jacob lived in the home through the late 1920s with his wife, five children and their servant from Austria.

Records indicate that the Schneider store was closed around 1940 and the building was leased out to a variety of tenants.